Golgi bodies
by Federica Brandizzi
MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, S-238 Plant Biology
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824l, USA
ERD2-GFP targeted to Golgi bodies in an Arabidopsis trichome cell
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that is central to the life of the plant cell and is composed of hundreds to thousands of mini-stacks that move in the cytoplasm. It grasps secretory products from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and, usually after modifying them, sorts them to distal compartments such as vacuoles and plasma membrane. Reverse flow of materials is generated from the Golgi to the ER to counterbalance the forward transport, making possible homeostasis of lipids and molecular machinery dedicated to transport.
A major function of the Golgi is to manufacture polysaccharides, which are fundamental components of the cell wall. The Golgi is compartmentalized in domains designated cis, medial, and trans. These compartments are believed to contain different enzymes, which may help the functional specialization of the Golgi apparatus.
The actin cytoskeleton appears to be the driving force behind the movement of Golgi bodies. As it moves, the plant Golgi apparatus is in close association with the ER. A striking feature of the plant Golgi apparatus is that it maintains its identity during cell division. This may facilitate building of the new cell wall during the process of division.
Below is a list of commonly used Golgi markers. Though the list is not exhaustive and fusions with different fluorescent protein variants have been generated. New probes have been created by the Nebenfuhr lab.
GmMan1-GFP: Nebenfuhr, A., Gallagher, L.A., Dunahay, T.G., Frohlick, J.A., Mazurkiewicz, A.M., Meehl, J.B., and Staehelin, L.A. (1999). Stop-and-go movements of plant Golgi stacks are mediated by the acto-myosin system. Plant Physiol 121, 1127-1142.
XylT36-GFP: Pagny, S., Bouissonnie, F., Sarkar, M., Follet-Gueye, M.L., Driouich, A., Schachter, H., Faye, L., and Gomord, V. (2003). Structural requirements for Arabidopsis beta1,2-xylosyltransferase activity and targeting to the Golgi. Plant J 33, 189-203.
STtmd-GFP: Boevink, P., Oparka, K., Santa Cruz, S., Martin, B., Betteridge, A., and Hawes, C. (1998). Stacks on tracks: the plant Golgi apparatus traffics on an actin/ER network. Plant J 15, 441-447.
CASP-GFP: Renna, L., Hanton, S.L., Stefano, G., Bortolotti, L., Misra, V., and Brandizzi, F. (2005). Identification and characterization of AtCASP, a plant transmembrane Golgi matrix protein. Plant Mol Biol 58, 109-122.
Epsilon-COP-YFP: Stefano, G., Renna, L., Chatre, L., Hanton, S.L., Moreau, P., Hawes, C., and Brandizzi, F. (2006). In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum and of ER export sites depends on active COPI machinery. Plant J 46, 95-110.
A major function of the Golgi is to manufacture polysaccharides, which are fundamental components of the cell wall. The Golgi is compartmentalized in domains designated cis, medial, and trans. These compartments are believed to contain different enzymes, which may help the functional specialization of the Golgi apparatus.
The actin cytoskeleton appears to be the driving force behind the movement of Golgi bodies. As it moves, the plant Golgi apparatus is in close association with the ER. A striking feature of the plant Golgi apparatus is that it maintains its identity during cell division. This may facilitate building of the new cell wall during the process of division.
Below is a list of commonly used Golgi markers. Though the list is not exhaustive and fusions with different fluorescent protein variants have been generated. New probes have been created by the Nebenfuhr lab.
GmMan1-GFP: Nebenfuhr, A., Gallagher, L.A., Dunahay, T.G., Frohlick, J.A., Mazurkiewicz, A.M., Meehl, J.B., and Staehelin, L.A. (1999). Stop-and-go movements of plant Golgi stacks are mediated by the acto-myosin system. Plant Physiol 121, 1127-1142.
XylT36-GFP: Pagny, S., Bouissonnie, F., Sarkar, M., Follet-Gueye, M.L., Driouich, A., Schachter, H., Faye, L., and Gomord, V. (2003). Structural requirements for Arabidopsis beta1,2-xylosyltransferase activity and targeting to the Golgi. Plant J 33, 189-203.
STtmd-GFP: Boevink, P., Oparka, K., Santa Cruz, S., Martin, B., Betteridge, A., and Hawes, C. (1998). Stacks on tracks: the plant Golgi apparatus traffics on an actin/ER network. Plant J 15, 441-447.
CASP-GFP: Renna, L., Hanton, S.L., Stefano, G., Bortolotti, L., Misra, V., and Brandizzi, F. (2005). Identification and characterization of AtCASP, a plant transmembrane Golgi matrix protein. Plant Mol Biol 58, 109-122.
Epsilon-COP-YFP: Stefano, G., Renna, L., Chatre, L., Hanton, S.L., Moreau, P., Hawes, C., and Brandizzi, F. (2006). In tobacco leaf epidermal cells, the integrity of protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum and of ER export sites depends on active COPI machinery. Plant J 46, 95-110.